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Epilepsy - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Epilepsy is a brain condition that causes recurring seizures. There are many types of epilepsy. In some people, the cause can be found. In others, the cause is not known. Epilepsy also is known as a seizure disorder. Epilepsy is common and affects people of all genders, races, ethnic backgrounds and ages. Seizure symptoms can vary widely. Some people may lose awareness during a seizure while ...

Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Epilepsy is a long-term brain condition that causes repeated seizures. Seizures happen when there’s abnormal electrical activity in your brain. Symptoms can range from brief staring spells or confusion to strong shaking and temporary loss of consciousness.

Epilepsy - Wikipedia
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by a tendency for recurrent, unprovoked seizures. [10] A seizure is a sudden burst of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from brief lapses of awareness or muscle jerks to prolonged convulsions. [1][11] These episodes can result in physical injuries, either directly, such as broken ...

Epilepsy and Seizures - National Institute of Neurological Disorders ...
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder in which groups of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes send the wrong signals and cause seizures. Epilepsy (sometimes referred to as a seizure disorder) can have many different causes and seizure types.

What Is Epilepsy? | Epilepsy Foundation
Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder in the world. If you have epilepsy, surges of electrical activity in your brain can cause recurring seizures. We can help you understand everything you need to know about epilepsy and what you can do about it.

Epilepsy - World Health Organization (WHO)
WHO fact sheet on epilepsy, a chronic noncommunicable disorder of the brain that affects people of all ages. The fact sheet includes key facts, signs and symptoms, causes, treatment, prevention,social and economic impacts, human rights and WHO response.

Epilepsy | Epilepsy | CDC
Information on epilepsy and CDC Epilepsy Program activities.

Epilepsy Basics | Epilepsy | CDC
Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes repeated seizures. About 2.9 million U.S. adults had epilepsy in 2021. Most people with epilepsy can live a full life.

Epilepsy - NHS
Find out about epilepsy, a condition that causes seizures, including symptoms, treatment and how it affects your life.

Epilepsy Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, & Treatment
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes unprovoked, recurrent seizures. Learn what causes it, who's at risk, how it's diagnosed, and more.

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                    *Filter: "Epilepsy"

Risky ASM-Contraceptive Co-prescribing Still Common in Women With Epilepsy  Medscape
Conversational brain AI for adaptive epilepsy care  Nature
Contraceptive Drug Interactions Common in Women with Epilepsy  EMJ
Drug Interactions Reducing Contraceptive Effectiveness Common in Epilepsy  Neurology Advisor
AI helps neurologists distinguish epilepsy from functional seizures  News-Medical
NEURELIS TO PRESENT ANALYSES OF STUDY DATA FROM PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH SEIZURE CLUSTERS AT THE CHILD NEUROLOGY SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING  PR Newswire
AI tool helps identify harmful epilepsy genetic variants  Medical Xpress
Patients engage with epilepsy monitor in real time, improving seizure detection  National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov)
AI Tool Helped Neurology Residents Tell Epilepsy From Functional Seizures Correctly Up to 89% of the Time  Medical Daily
Rural-Urban Disparities in Epilepsy Outcomes in the United States  Neurology® Journals
John Hughlings Jackson | Neurology, Epilepsy, Psychiatry  Britannica
Wealth Affects Timing of Epilepsy Surgery But Not Some Outcomes  Neurology Today
Epilepsy linked to higher risk of young-onset dementia  News-Medical
Fracture Risk With Lacosamide vs Levetiracetam Monotherapy in Adults With Epilepsy  Neurology® Journals
Genetic Testing in Adult Patients With Epilepsy  Neurology® Journals

Common Neurological Symptoms & Warning Signs

Persistent or Sudden Severe Headaches — Onset of unusually intense headaches, sudden thunderclap onset, or chronic pain accompanied by nausea and visual disruptions.
Numbness, Tingling, or Paresthesia — Loss of sensation, burning, or a "pins and needles" feeling in the extremities, often signaling peripheral neuropathy or nerve compression.
Focal Muscle Weakness or Paralysis — Sudden or progressive loss of muscle strength, facial drooping, or difficulty lifting objects, commonly associated with stroke or nerve disorders.
Seizures and Convulsions — Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain leading to involuntary muscle spasms, loss of consciousness, or brief absence spells.
Vertigo, Dizziness, and Loss of Balance — Sensations of spinning, unsteady gait, or uncoordinated movement (ataxia), pointing toward vestibular or cerebellar dysfunction.
Cognitive Decline and Memory Impairment — Uncharacteristic confusion, difficulty retrieving words, disorientation, or short-term memory loss impacting daily functioning.
Visual Disturbances and Diplopia — Unexplained double vision, temporary loss of vision in one eye, or sudden blurred vision stemming from optic nerve issues or brain lesions.
Dysarthria and Speech Difficulties — Slurred speech, trouble articulating words, or difficulty comprehending spoken language due to motor speech pathway impairment.

Key Milestones in the History of Neurology

Edwin Smith Papyrus (c. 1600 BCE) — The earliest known medical document describing brain anatomy, cranial sutures, and meninges, detailing head trauma cases in ancient Egypt.
Hippocratic Corpus (c. 400 BCE) — Hippocrates challenged mystical beliefs by identifying the brain, rather than the heart, as the seat of human intelligence, sensation, and emotion.
Vesalius and De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543) — Andreas Vesalius provided detailed anatomical drawings of the human nervous system, correcting centuries of Galenic anatomical errors.
Discovery of Cerebral Localization (1861) — Paul Broca demonstrated localized speech production functions in the frontal lobe through post-mortem studies of aphasic patients.
Establishment of the Neuron Doctrine (1891–1906) — Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi revealed that the nervous system consists of discrete individual cells rather than a continuous net.
Invention of Electroencephalography (1924) — Hans Berger recorded the first human brain waves (EEG), revolutionizing epilepsy diagnosis and sleep cycle monitoring.
Development of Neuroimaging Techniques (1970s–1980s) — Godfrey Hounsfield developed Computed Tomography (CT) and Raymond Damadian pioneered MRI, transforming non-invasive brain visualization.
Discovery of Neuroplasticity (Late 20th Century) — Researchers demonstrated that the adult brain reorganizes neural pathways in response to learning, environmental changes, and injury recovery.

Current Neurology Research & Breakthroughs

Blood-Based Biomarkers for Early Alzheimer's Detection — Advances in blood tests tracking amyloid and tau levels allow for faster, non-invasive diagnosis before major cognitive decline occurs.
Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation (aDBS) in Parkinson's — Closed-loop DBS systems now record real-time neural activity to dynamically adjust stimulation, significantly improving motor fluctuations.
Disease-Modifying Gene Therapies for Neurodegeneration — Novel viral vector therapies target genetic root causes to slow progression in rare conditions like Huntington's disease and ALS.
Precision Immunotherapies for Neuromuscular Disorders — Targeted monoclonal antibody treatments offer faster-acting, long-term disease management for autoimmune conditions like Myasthenia Gravis and CIDP.
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) for Paralysis Recovery — High-density microelectrode arrays decode neural intent into real-time digital text and prosthetic movement for spinal cord injury patients.
Neuroinflammation and Microglial Modulation in Stroke — Investigational therapies focusing on microglial activation show promise in minimizing secondary brain injury following acute ischemic events.
Focused Ultrasound (FUS) Blood-Brain Barrier Opening — Non-invasive MRI-guided ultrasound temporarily opens the blood-brain barrier to deliver targeted chemotherapies directly into brain tumors.
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in Epilepsy Therapeutics — Transcriptomic profiling identifies specific neuronal subpopulations causing drug-resistant seizures, opening pathways for targeted drug design.